📘 Biology
Short Questions
- Define biotechnology.
- What do you mean by horticulture and how is it related to agriculture?
- Differentiate between theory and law.
- Quantitative observations are better in biological method. How?
- What is the difference between the modes of nutrition of fungi and animals?
- It is difficult to use the criterion of interbreeding to define species of unicellular organisms. Why?
- How are taxonomy and systematic related?
- Differentiate between the terms "extinct" and "endangered".
- What are the contributions of Whittaker, Margulis and Schwartz in taxonomy?
- State the cell theory.
- What are the functions of leucoplasts and chromoplasts?
- Differentiate between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
- What is meant by hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?
- A nerve cell does not divide after its formation. In which phase of cell cycle it is?
- How is cytokinesis different in plant cells as compared to animal cells?
- What type of cell division occurs when our wounds are healed?
- Plants do not make the gametes by mitosis. How is that?
- Define cofactor and coenzyme.
- What is the main use of enzymes in paper industry?
- Why is it said that all life forms are dependent on photosynthesis?
- What structures and phenomena are involved in the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants?
- In what ways the respiratory energy is used in the body of organisms?
- What is the importance of anaerobic respiration?
- What are the health risks if we take more saturated fatty acids in our diet?
- How can the deficiency of vitamin A cause blindness?
- How will you differentiate between bolus and chyme?
- Which sphincters play role in the movement of food in and out of stomach?
- Stomach is an organ of the digestive system, but it also secretes a hormone. What hormone is it and what function it performs?
- What are lenticels and where are they found in plant body?
- What is the role of potassium ions in the opening of stomata?
- Define the cohesion-tension theory?
- What do you mean by sources and sinks according to the pressure flow mechanism?
- What are the two main types of white blood cell? How do they differ?
- You see pus at the site of infection on your skin. How is it formed?
- What role does the pericardial fluid play?
- Define the terms systole and diastole.
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
Long Questions
- Arrange these structures in order of lower level of organization to upper level and write the level against each structure. Neuron, nervous system, electron, man, mass of neurons, carbon, mitochondria, brain, protein
- How would you define biology and relate it with its major divisions?
- Draw a table showing the branches of biology and the studies these deal with.
- Give points to advocate that Biology is linked with physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography and economics.
- How would you distinguish the biomolecules from other molecules? What is the criterion for classifying a biomolecule as micromolecule or macromolecule?
- Describe the levels of organization of life.
- Is there any division of labour among the cells of a colony? If you find division of labour among the cells and tissue what level of cellular organization is it?
- Describe the steps involved in biological method taking malaria as an example.
- If a test shows that some people have Plasmodium in their blood but they do not show any symptoms of malaria, what hypothesis would you formulate to answer this problem?
- How the principles of ratio and proportion are used in biological method.
- Justify mathematics as an integral part of the scientific process.
- Relate the importance of biodiversity with natural ecosystem through examples.
- Explain the aims and principles of classification, keeping in view its historical background.
- Explain the base for establishing five kingdoms of living organisms.
- Justify why virus are excluded from the Five-Kingdom classification system.
- Describe the aims and principles of binomial nomenclature.
- Explain the impact of human beings on biodiversity.
- Identify causes of deciprotection and its effects on biodiversity.
- Describe some of the programs running in Pakistan for the conservation of biodiversity.
- Explain the functions of cell membrane.
- Describe the structure of cell wall.
- Discuss nucleus structure and function.
- Describe the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
- Describe the formation and function of lysosomes.
- Explain what would happen when a plant and an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution.
- Describe the internal structure of chloroplast and compare it with that of mitochondrion.
- Explain the phenomena involved in the passage of matter across cell membrane.
- Describe how trigger pressure develops in a plant cell.
- State the relationship between cell function and cell structure.
- Describe the differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Explain how surface area to volume ratio limits cell size.
- Describe the major animal tissues in terms of their cell specificities, locations and functions.
- Describe the major plant tissues in terms of their cell specificities, locations and functions.
- What is cell cycle and what are its main phases?
- The S-phase of interphase is important and a cell can never divide without it. Justify.
- How would you state the events of prophase of mitosis?
- Make a list of the events of mitosis.
- How is mitosis significant?
- Describe the events that occur during the phases of meiosis-1.
- Describe the significance of meiosis.
- Contrast mitosis and meiosis, emphasizing the events that lead to different outcomes.
- Describe necrosis and apoptosis.
- How would you define enzymes? Describe their characteristics.
- What do you mean by activation energy and why it is referred in the definition of enzymes?
- In a range of 0-35°C, the rate of reaction of an enzyme is proportional to temperature. Above 35°C and below 0°C, enzyme activity slows down and eventually stops. Explain why?
- How does pH affect enzyme activity?
- What characteristic of enzymes makes them specific for substrates?
- Briefly describe the factors that affect the activity of enzymes.
- Describe the lock and key mechanism of enzyme action.
- How would you define bioenergetics while relating it to the oxidation reduction reactions in living systems?
- Interpret that ATP is the chief energy currency of all cells.
- What is the role of chlorophyll and light in photosynthesis?
- Outline the processes involved in photosynthesis?
- State how the varying light intensity carbon dioxide concentration and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?
- Outline the mechanism of respiration while defining glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
- Draw a comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
- How will you compare respiration and photosynthesis?
- What are the effects of the lack of nitrate and magnesium ions on plant growth?
- How are inorganic and organic fertilizers important in agriculture?
- Draw a table that can show sources, energy values and functions of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
- How are vitamins A, C and D important in our diets?
- Which foods contain calcium and iron and what role these minerals play in our bodies?
- Why are water and dietary fibres considered important in our diets?
- Define balanced diet. How would you relate it with age, gender and activity?
- Describe how protein energy malnutrition, mineral deficiency diseases and over intake of nutrients are the major forms of malnutrition?
- How would you advocate the unequal distribution of food as the major factor that contribute to famine.
- Describe structures and functions of the main regions of alimentary canal.
- Describe swallowing and peristalsis.
- Briefly give the signs and symptoms, causes, treatments and prevention of diarrhoea, constipation, and ulcer.
- How would you relate the internal structure of root with the uptake of water and salts?
- Define transpiration and relate it with cell surface and with stomatal opening and closing.
- How do different factors affect the rate of transpiration?
- Transpiration is a necessary evil. Give comments.
- Explain the movement of water in terms of transpirational pull.
- Describe the theory of pressure flow mechanism to explain the translocation of food in plants.
- List the functions of the components of blood.
- How do we classify blood groups in terms of the ABO and the Rh blood group systems?
- State the signs and symptoms, causes and treatments of leukemia and thaliassemia.
- What four chambers make the human heart and how blood flows through these chambers?
- Compare the structure and function of an artery, a vein and a capillary.
- Draw diagrams which can illustrate the origins, locations and target areas of the main arteries in human blood circulatory system.
- Draw diagrams which can illustrate the areas and locations of the main veins in human blood circulatory system.
- How would you differentiate between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?
- State the causes, treatments and prevention of myocardial infarction.
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
Administrator: SADIA ANWAR Assistant: KHADIJA AHMED
Time Allowed: ?
Total Marks: ?
Syllabus: ?
Institute: ?
INSTRUCTONS
*Note: Write answers neatly and in sequence.Use black or blue pen only.
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