📘Chemistry
Short Questions
- (i) How does nitrogen differ from other elements of its group?
- ii) Why does aqua regia dissolve gold and platinum?
- iii) Why the elements of group VIA other than oxygen show more than two oxidation states?
- iv) Write down a comparison of the properties of oxygen and sulphur.
- v) Write down the equation for the reaction between conc. H₂SO₄ and copper and explain what type of reaction is it.
- (i) What is 'Iodized Salt'?
- (ii) What are Freons and Teflon?
- (iii) Arrange the following ions in order of increasing size: F⁻, Cl⁻, I⁻, Br⁻
- (iv) Why iodine has metallic luster?
- (v) Which halogen sublimes to violet vapours?
- (vi) Which halogen is used as an antiseptic?
- (vii) Which halogen is used in water treatment to kill bacteria?
- (viii) Name the gas, which is used for earthquake prediction.
- (ix) Name the gas, which is used in bactericidal lamps.
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
Long Questions
- What are the improvements made in the Mendeleev's periodic table?
- How the classification of elements in different blocks helps in understanding their chemistry?
- Q 6. How do you justify the position of hydrogen at the top of various groups?
- Why the ionic radii of negative ions are larger than the size of their parent atoms?
- Why ionization energy decreases down the group and increases along a period?
- Why the second value of electron affinity of an element is usually shown with a positive sign?
- Why metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group of metals?
- Explain the variation in melting points along the short periods.
- Why the oxidation state of noble gases is usually zero?
- Why diamond is a non-conductor and graphite is fairly a good conductor?
- Q14. Give brief reason for the following. a) d and f-Block elements are called transition elements. b) Lanthanide contraction controls the atomic sizes of elements of 6th and 7th periods. c) The melting and boiling points of the elements increase from left to the right upto the middle of s- and p-block elements and decrease onward. d) The oxidation states vary in a period but remain almost constant in a group. e) The hydration energies of the ions are in the following order: Al³⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ f) Ionic character of halides decreases from left to the right in a period. g) Alkali metals give ionic hydrides. h) Although both sodium and phosphorus are present in the same period of the periodic table yet their oxides are different in nature, Na₂O is basic while P₂O₅ is acidic in character.
- Q 4. (a) Give the names, electronic configurations and occurrence of s-block elements. (b) Discuss the peculiar behaviour of lithium with respect to the other members of alkali metals.
- Discuss the trends in chemical properties of compounds like oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, nitrates and sulphates of IA and IIA group elements.
- Compare the chemical behaviour of lithium with magnesium.
- Q 7. (a) Mention the properties of beryllium in which it does not resemble with its own family. (b) Why the aqueous solution of Na₂CO₃ is alkaline in nature?
- (a) Describe with diagram the manufacture of sodium by Down's cell. (b) Point out the three advantages of this process.
- Q9. (a) Compare the physical and chemical properties of alkali metals with those of alkaline earth metals. (b) What happens when: (i) Lithium carbonate is heated. (ii) Lithium hydroxide is heated to red hot. (iii) Beryllium is treated with sodium hydroxide. (iv) Lithium hydride is treated with water.
- Q10. Give formulas of the following minerals. (a) Dolomite (b) Asbestos (c) Halite (d) Natron (e) Beryl (f) Sylvite (g) Phosphorite (h) Chile saltpetre
- Q.11. Answer the following questions briefly. (a) Why alkali and alkaline earth metals are among the reactive elements of the periodic table? (b) Why lime water turns milky with CO₂ but becomes clear with excess CO₂? (c) How gypsum is converted into plaster of paris? (d) Why 2% gypsum is added in the cement? (e) Why lime is added to an acidic soil? (f) How lime and sand are used to make glass? (g) How lime mortar is prepared?
- What is the action of an aqueous solution of borax on litmus?
- Give equations to represent the following reactions. (a) Borax is heated with CoO (b) Al₂O₃ is heated with NaOH solution
- Q. 6. Why is aluminium not found as a free element? Explain the chemistry of borax bead test.
- Q. 7. How does orthoboric acid react with: (a) Sodium hydroxide (b) Ethyl alcohol
- How will you convert boric acid into borax and vice versa?
- Q. 9. Why are liquid silicones preferred over ordinary organic lubricants?
- Q. 10. Explain: (a) CO₂ is non-polar in nature. (b) CO₂ is acidic in character.
- Q. 11. Why is CO₂ a gas at room temperature while SiO₂ is a solid?
- Q. 12. Give the names and the formulas of different acids of boron.
- Q. 13. What is the importance of oxides of lead in paints?
- Q. 14. Give the names, electronic configurations occurrence of Group-IIIA elements of the periodic table.
- Q. 15. Discuss the peculiar behaviour of boron with respect to the other members of Group-IIIA elements.
- Q. 16. (a) What is borax? (b) Describe its commercial preparation. (c) Outline the principal uses of borax. (d) How does borax serve as a water softening agent?
- Q. 17. (a) What is boric acid? (b) How is boric acid prepared in laboratory? (c) Give properties and uses of boric acid.
- Q. 18. (a) Give the names alongwith the formulas of three important ores of aluminium. (b) How and under what conditions does aluminium react with the following: i) Oxygen ii) Hydrogen iii) Halogens iv) Acids v) Alkailes
- Q. 19. Give the names, electronic configurations and occurrence of Group-IVA elements of the periodic table.
- Q. 20. Discuss the peculiar behaviour of carbon with respect to the other members of Group-IVA of the periodic table.
- (a) What are silicones? (b) Give a brief summary of the principal properties of silicones. (c) Outline the uses of silicones. (d) What are silicates? (e) Describe the important uses of silicates.
- Q.5 (a) Explain the Brikeland and Eyde's process for the manufacture of nitric acid. (b) Which metals evolve hydrogen upon reaction with nitric acid? illustrate alongwith chemical equations. (c) What is meant by fuming nitric acid?
- Q.6 (a) Sulphuric acid is said to act as an acid, an oxidizing agent and a dehydrating agent, describe two reactions in each case to illustrate the truth of this statement. (b) Give the advantages of contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
- Q.7 (a) Describe the chemistry of the industrial preparation of sulphuric acid from sulphur by the contact process. (b) Why is SO₃ dissolved in H₂SO₄ and not in water? (c) Explain the action of sulphuric acid on metals alongwith chemical equations.
- Q.8 Describe the preparation of NO₂ gas. Also give its reactions.
- Q.9 How PCl₃ and PCl₅ can be used for the preparation of other chemical compounds.
- Q.10 Answer the following question. i) Describe 'Ring test' for the confirmation of the presence of nitrate ions in solution. ii) NO₂ is a strong oxidizing agent. Prove the truth of this statement giving examples. iii) Write down the chemical equations and names of the products formed as a result of the reaction of HNO₃ with arsenic and antimony. iv) Give the methods of preparation of PCl₃. v) P₂O₅ is a powerful dehydrating agent. Prove giving example.
- Q.11 Complete and balance the following chemical equation: i) P+NO → ii) NO + Cl₂ → iii) H₂S + NO → iv) Pb(NO₃)₂ → v) NO₂ + H₂O → vi) NO₂ + H₂SO₄ → vii) HNO₂ + HI → viii) HNO₂ + NH₃ → ix) HNO₂ + CO(NH₂)₂ → x) KNO₃ + H₂SO₄ →
- Q.12 Describe the methods of preparation of phosphorus pentoxide and explain its reactions.
- Q.13 Discuss the trends in physical properties of group VIA elements.
- Q.4 What is bleaching powder? How it is prepared commercially? Give its uses.
- Q.5 (a) Discuss the oxides of chlorine. (b) What are disproportionation reactions? Explain your answer with an example.
- Q.6 Discuss the system of nomenclature used for oxyacid of halogens. Support your answer with examples.
- Q.7 (a) How the halogen acids are ionized in water? (b) Why HF is weaker acid than HCl?
- Q.8 In the following sets, arrange the substances in order of the property indicated. Give reasons. (a) Increasing acidic character: HClO₄, HClO₂, HClO₃, HClO (b) Increasing oxidizing power: F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂
- Q.9 What happens when bleaching powder reacts with the following reagents: dil. H₂SO₄, excess of conc. H₂SO₄, NH₃, HI and CO₂.
- Q.10 Discuss the various commercial uses of halogens and their compounds.
- Q.11 What are noble gases? Explain their inertness on the basis of their electronic configuration.
- Q.12 Write notes on the followings. (i) Oxyfluorides of xenon. (ii) Applications of noble gases.
- Q 5. Explain the following terms giving examples. (a) Ligands (b) Coordination sphere (c) Substitutional alloy (d) Central metal atom
- Q 6. Describe the rules for naming the coordination complexes and give examples.
- Q 7. What is the difference between wrought iron and steel. Explain the Bessemer's process for the manufacture of steel.
- Q 8. Explain the following giving reasons. (a) Why does damaged tin plated iron get rusted quickly. (b) Under what conditions does aluminium corrode? (c) How does the process of galvanizing protect iron from rusting?
- Q 9. How chromate ions are converted into dichromate ions?
- Q 10. Describe the preparation of KMnO₄ and K₂CrO₄.
- Q 11. Give systematic names to following complexes. (a) [Fe(CO)₃] (b) [CO(NH₃)₆]Cl₃ (c) [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (d) Na₃[CoF₆] (e) K₂[Cu(CN)₄] (f) K₂[PtCl₆] (g) [Pt(OH)₂(NH₃)₄]SO₄ (h) [Cr(OH)₃(H₂O)₃]
- Q 4. How organic compounds are classified? Give suitable example of each type.
- Q 5. What are homocyclic and heterocyclic compounds? Give one example of each.
- Q 6. Write the structural formulas of the two possible isomers of C₄H₁₀.
- Q 7. Why is ethene an important industrial chemical?
- Q 8. What is meant by a functional group? Name typical functional groups containing oxygen.
- Q 9. What is an organic compound? Explain the importance of Wohler's work in the development of organic chemistry.
- Q 10. Write a short note on cracking of hydrocarbons.
- Q 11. Explain reforming of petroleum with the help of suitable example.
- Q 12. Describe important sources of organic compounds.
- Q 13. What is orbital hybridization? Explain sp³, sp² and sp modes of hybridization of carbon.
- Explain the type of bonds and shapes of the following molecules using hybridization approach: CH₃-CH₃, CH₂=CH₂, CH≡CH, HCHO, CH₃Cl.
- Q 15. Why there is no free rotation around a double bond and a free rotation around a single bond? Discuss cis-trans isomerism.
- Write the structural formula for each of the following compounds: i) 2-Methylpropane. ii) 3-Ethylpentane. iv) 4-Ethyl-3,4-dimethylheptane. v) 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane vi) 4-iso-Propylheptane. vii) 2,2-Dimethylbutane. viii) 2,2-Dimethylpropane.
- Q. 5. Write down names of the following compounds according to IUPAC-system. (i) H₃C-CH₂-CH-CH₂CH₃ | H₂C-CH₃ (ii) (CH₃)₃C-CH₂-C(CH₃)₃ (iii) H₃C-CH-CH₂-CH₃ | CH₃ (iv) (CH₃)₂CH-CH-CH(CH₃)₂ | CH₃ (v) CH₃CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂CH₃)CH₃ (vi) (CH₃CH₂)₃CH (vii) CH₃C(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₂CH₃ (viii) (C₆H₅)₃CH
- Q.6. What are the rules for naming alkanes? Explain with suitable examples.
- Q.7. (a) Write down the structural formulas for all the isomeric hexanes and name them according to IUPAC system (b) The following names are incorrect. Give the correct IUPAC names: i) 4-Methylpentane ii) 3,5,5-Trimethylhexane iii) 2-Methyl-3-Ethylbutane
- Q.8. (a) Explain why alkanes are less reactive than alkenes? What is the effect of branching on the melting point of alkanes? (b) Three different alkanes yield 2-methylbutane when they are hydrogenated in the presence of a metal catalyst. Give their structures and write equations for the reactions involved.
- Q.9. (a) Out line the methods available for the preparation of alkanes. (b) How will you bring about the following conversions? i) Methane to ethane. ii) Ethane to methane, iii) Acetic acid to ethane. iv) Methane to nitromethane.
- (a) What is meant by octane number? Why does a high octane fuel has a less tendency to knock in an automobile engine? (b) Explain free radical mechanism for the reaction of chlorine with methane in the presence of sunlight.
- (a) Describe different methods for the preparation of alkenes. How would you establish that ethylene contains a double bond? (b) Give structure formulas of the alkenes expected to form by the dehydrohalogenation of the following compounds with a strong base: i) 1-Chloropentane ii) 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane iii) I-Chloro-2,2-dimethyl propane.
- (a) Write down chemical equations for the preparation of propene from the following compounds. i) CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-OH ii) CH₃-C≡CH iii) Iso-Propyl chloride (b) Write skeleton formula showing only the arrangement of carbon atoms for all the possible alkenes of the molecular formula C₅H₁₀.
- (a) How may ethene be converted into ethyl alcohol? (b) Starting from ethene, outline the reactions for the preparation of following compounds. i) 1,2-Dibromoethane ii) Ethylene iii) Ethane iv) Ethylene glycol (c) How will you bring about the following conversions: i) 1-Butene to 1-Butyne ii) 1-Propanol to CH₃-CH-CH₂Cl
- Show by means of chemical equations how the following cycle of changes may be affected: Ethane → Ethene → Ethyne
- Write down structural formulas for the products that are formed when 1-butene will react with the following reagents: i) H₂, Pt ii) Br₂ in CCl₄ iii) Cold dil. KMnO₄, OH⁻ iv) HBr v) O₂ in the presence of Ag vi) HOCl vii) dil. H₂SO₄
- In the following reactions, identify each lettered product. i) Ethyl alcohol conc. H₂SO₄ → A Br₂ → B alcoholic KOH → C ii) Propene Br₂ → D alcoholic KOH → E HCN → F
- After an ozonolysis experiment, the only product obtained was acetaldehyde CH₃CHO. Can you guess the structural formula of this compound.
- (a) The addition of sulphuric acid to an alkene obeys Markovnikov's rule. Predict the structures of the alcohols obtained by the addition of the acid to the following compounds. i) Propene ii) 1-Butene iii) 2-Butene (b) Predict the most likely product of the addition of hydrogen chloride to 2-methyl-2-butene. Explain the formation of this product.
- Why are some hydrocarbons called saturated and others unsaturated? What type of reactions are characteristics of them?
- (a) Describe methods for the preparation of Ethyne. (b) How does ethyne react with: i) Hydrogen ii) Alkaline KMnO₄ iv) 10% H₂SO₄ in the presence of HgSO₄. v) Ammonical cuprous chloride (c) Mention some important uses of methane, ethene and ethyne.
- Describe how you could distinguish ethane, ethene and ethyne from one another by means of chemical reactions.
- (a) How will you synthesize the following compounds starting from ethyne. i) Acetaldehyde ii) Benzene iii) Chloroprene iv) Glyoxal v) Oxalicacid vi) Acrylonitrile vii) Ethane viii) Methyl nitrile (b) Write a note on the acidity of ethyne.
- (a) Compare the reactivity of ethane, ethene and ethyne. (b) Compare the physical properties of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
- How does propyne react with the following reagents. (a) AgNO₃/NH₄OH (b) Cu₂Cl₂/NH₄OH (c) H₂O/H₂SO₄/HgSO₄
- A compound has a molecular formula C,H,, when it is treated with excess hydrogen in the presence of Ni-catalyst, a new compound CH, is formedWhen C,H, is treated with ammoniacal silver nitrate a white precipitate is formed. What is the structural formula of the given compound.
- What are aromatic hydrocarbons? How are they classified?
- What happens when: (a) Benzene is heated with conc. H₂SO₄ at 250°C. (b) Chlorine is passed through benzene in sunlight. (c) A mixture of benzene vapours and air are passed over heated vanadium pentoxide. (d) Benzene is burnt in free supply of air.
- What is meant by the terms: i) Aromatic ii) Oxidation iii) Sulphonation iv) Nitration v) Halogenation
- Draw structural formulas for the following compounds. i) m-Chlorobenzoic acid ii) p-Hydroxybenzoic acid iii) o-Bromonitrobenzene iv) o-Ethyltoluene v) p-Nitroaniline vi) 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene vii) m-Nitrophenol viii) o-Dibenzylbenzene ix) 2-Amino-5-bromo-3-nitrobenzenesulphonic acid
- Give names and the possible isomeric structures of the following. i) Xylenes ii) Trimethylbenzene iii) Bromonitrotoluene
- Give the general mechanism of the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
- Describe the structure of benzene on the basis of following. i) Atomic orbital treatment ii) Resonance method Prove that benzene has a cyclic structure.
- How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene in two steps. (a) m-chloronitrobenzene (b) p-chloronitrobenzene
- Detail out three reactions in which benzene behaves as if it is a saturated hydrocarbon and three reactions in which it behaves as if it is unsaturated.
- What are Friedel-Crafts reactions. Give mechanism with example of the following reactions. i) Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions ii) Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions.
- Define alkyl halide. Which is the best method of preparing alkyl halides?
- Write down a method for the preparation of ethyl magnesium bromide in the laboratory?
- Give IUPAC names to the following compounds. (i) CH₂=CH(CH₂)₃-CH₂-Cl (ii) C₂H₅-CH₂-CH₂-Cl (iii) (C₂H₅)₂CH-CH₂-Cl (iv) (C₂H₅)₂C-CH₂-Cl (v) (CH₃)₂CHBr (vi) (CH₃)₂CH-CH₂-CH(C₂H₅)CH₂Cl (vii) CBr₄ (viii) BrCH₂-CH₂Br (ix) CHCl₃ (x) (CH₃)₂C-CH₂-CH₂-Br (xi) (CH₃)₂CH-CH₂-C(CH₃)₂Cl (xii) (CH₃)₂CBr (xiii) (CH₃)₂C-C(CH₃)₂Cl
- Draw all the possible structures that have the molecular formula C₆H₁₃Cl. Classify each as primary, secondary or tertiary chloride. Give their names according to IUPAC system.
- Using ethyl bromide as a starting material how would you prepare the following compounds. Give also the inorganic reagents and conditions necessary to carry out these reactions: (a) n-Butane (b) Ethyl alcohol (c) Ethyl cyanide (d) Ethane (e) Ethene (f) Propanoic acid (g) Propane
- Write a detailed note on the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions.
- What do you understand by the term β-elimination reaction. Explain briefly the two possible mechanisms of β-elimination reactions.
- What products are formed when the following compounds are treated with ethyl magnesium bromide, followed by hydrolysis in the presence of an acid, i) HCHO ii) CH₃CHO iii) CO₂ iv) (CH₃)₂CO v) CH₃CH₂CHO vi) ClCN
- How will you carry out the following conversions. i) CH₄ to CH₃CH₂COOH ii) CH₃CH₃ to (CH₃CH₂)₄N⁺ Br⁻ iii) CH₂=CH₂ to CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH iv) CH₃CH₂CH₂Cl to CH₃CH=CH₂ v) CH₃COOH to CH₃CH₂COOH
- What are alcohols. How are they classified? How will you distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?
- How is methyl alcohol obtained on large scale? How it may be distinguished from ethyl alcohol?
- What is fermentation? Which compound may be obtained on industrial scale by fermentation?
- Explain the following terms. Absolute alcohol, Methylated spirit, Rectified spirit, Denaturing of alcohols.
- How does ethyl alcohol react with the following reagents? i) Conc. H₂SO₄ ii) Na iii) PCl₅ iv) CH₃COOH v) SOCl₂
- How will you obtain primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols by reacting Grignard reagent with suitable carbonyl compounds.
- How will you distinguish between i) an alcohol and a phenol ii) methanol and ethanol iii) an alcohol and an ether iv) a tertiary alcohol and a primary alcohol v) 1-propanol and 2-propanol
- Give reasons for the followings: i) Ethyl alcohol is a liquid while methyl chloride is a gas. ii) Ethanol has higher boiling point than diethyl ether. iii) Absolute alcohol cannot be prepared by fermentation process. iv) Ethanol gives different products with conc. H₂SO₄ under different conditions. v) Water has higher boiling point than ethanol.
- How will you convert i) Methanol into ethanol ii) Ethanol into methanol iii) Ethanol into isopropyl alcohol iv) Formaldehyde into ethyl alcohol v) Acetone into ethyl alcohol
- Explain the following terms using ethyl alcohol as an example. i) Oxidation ii) Dehydration iii) Esterification iv) Ether formation
- Compare the reactions of phenol with those of ethanol. Discuss the difference if any.
- Arrange the following compounds in order of their increasing acid strength and give reasons. H₂O, C₂H₅OH, C₆H₅OH, C₆H₅COOH
- Write down two methods for preparing phenol. What is the action of following on phenol. HNO₃, NaOH, Zn, Bromine water
- Give the uses of phenols. How bakelite is prepared from it.
- Write IUPAC names of the following compounds. (CH₃)₂CH-OH, (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OH, (CH₃)₃COH, C₂H₅-CH(OH)-CH₃
- Name the following compounds CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-O-CH₃, C₆H₅-O-C₆H₅, (CH₃)₂CH-O-CH(CH₃)₂, CH₃-O-C₆H₅, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-O-CH₂-CH₃
- Write down structural formulas of the following compounds. Methoxy ethane, ethoxy benzene, sodium ethoxide, sodium phenoxide, propoxy propane.
- Give one laboratory and one industrial method for the preparation of formaldehyde.
- How does formaldehyde react with the following reagents? (i) CH₃MgI (ii) HCN (iii) NaHSO₃ (iv) conc.NaOH (v) NaBH₄/H₂O (vi) Toller's reagent (vii) Fehling's reagent
- Give one laboratory and one industrial method for the preparation of acetaldehyde.
- How does acetaldehyde react with the following reagents? (i) C₂H₅MgI (ii) HCN (iii) NaHSO₃ (iv) dilute NaOH (v) I₂/NaOH (vi) NaBH₄/H₂O (vii) NH₂OH (viii) K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄
- Describe briefly the mechanism of nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl compound.
- Explain with mechanism the addition of ethylmagnesium bromide to acetaldehyde. What is the importance of this reaction?
- Explain with mechanism the addition of sodium bisulphite to acetone. What is the utility of this reaction?
- Describe with mechanism aldol condensation reaction. Why formaldehyde does not give this reaction?
- What types of aldehydes give Cannizzaro’s reaction? Give its mechanism.
- Explain the mechanism of the reaction of phenylhydrazine with acetone.
- Using ethyne as a starting material how would you get acetaldehyde, acetone and ethyl alcohol?
- Give the mechanism of addition of HCN to acetone.
- How would you bring about the following conversions? (i) Acetone into t-butyl alcohol (ii) Propanal into 1-propanol (iii) Propanone into 2-propanol (iv) Methanol into ethanol (v) Ethanal into propanone (vi) Ethanal into 2-propanol (vii) Ethyne into ethanol (viii) Ethene into ethanol (ix) Ethanal into ethanol (x) Ethanol into 2-butanone (xi) Methanol into ethanol (xii) Ethanol into ethanoic acid
- How will you distinguish between: (i) Methanal and ethanol (ii) Ethanal and propanone (iii) Ethanal and propanal (iv) Acetone and ethyl alcohol (v) Butanone and 3-pentanone (vi) Acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde (vii) 2-Pentanone and 3-pentanone
- Discuss oxidation of (a) aldehydes (b) ketones with: (i) K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄ (ii) Toller's reagent (iii) Fehling's solution
- Discuss reduction of (a) aldehydes (b) ketones with: (i) NaBH₄/H₂O (ii) H₂/Pd
- Give three uses for each of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
- How is acetic acid manufactured? What is glacial acetic acid? How would you convert acetic acid into the following compounds? (i) Methane (ii) Acetyl chloride (iii) Acetamide (iv) Acetic anhydride
- What are fatty acids? What is vinegar? Describe how is vinegar prepared from ethanol?
- How would you carry out the following conversions? (i) Acetic acid into acetamide (ii) Acetic acid into acetone
- Write down the mechanisms of the following reactions. (i) between acetic acid and ethanol (ii) between acetic acid and ammonia (iii) between acetic acid and thionyl chloride
- What happens when the following compounds are heated. (i) Calcium acetate (ii) Sodium formate and soda lime (iii) Ammonium acetate
- What are amino acids? Explain their different types with one example in each case.
- Write a short note on acidic and basic characters of an amino acid.
- What is a peptide bond? Write down the formula of a dipeptide.
- What are zwitter ions?
- What are α amino acids, proteins and peptides? How are they related?
- Study the facts given in (a), (b) and (c) below and then answer questions which follow. (a) A is an organic compound made up of C, H and O, it has a vapour density 15. [Hint: Molecular mass = 2 x vapour density]. (b) On reduction A gives a compound X which has the following properties. (i) X is a colourless liquid miscible with water. (ii) X is neutral to litmus. (iii) When X is warmed with a few drops of conc. H₂SO₄ followed by a little salicylic acid a characteristic smell is produced. (c) When X is subjected to strong oxidation, it gives compound B, which has the following properties. (i) B is a pungent smelling mobile liquid. (ii) It is miscible with water, alcohol or ether. (iii) It is corrosive and produces blisters on contact with skin. (iv) B can be obtained by passing the vapours of A with air over platinum black catalyst. (v) B liberates H₂ with sodium. (vi) It gives CO₂ with NaHCO₃. 1. What is the molecular mass of A? 2. Identify A, X and B. 3. Give five appropriate reactions to confirm the identities of A, X and B. 4. State one large-scale use of either A, X or B.
- Explain the following terms: (a) Addition polymer (b) Condensation polymer (c) Thermoplastic (d) Thermosetting plastic
- Write notes on (a) Polyester resins (b) Polyamide resins (c) Epoxy resins
- What is the repeating unit in each of the following polymers? (a) polystyrene (b) nylon 6,6 (c) teflon (d) orion
- What are carbohydrates and how are they classified?
- Point out one difference between the compounds in each of the following pairs. (a) Glucose and fructose (b) Sucrose and maltose (c) Cellulose and starch
- What are lipids? In what way fats and oils are different?
- Define saponification number and iodine number. Discuss the term rancidity.
- What is the difference between a glycoside linkage and a peptide linkage?
- What is the chemical nature of enzymes? Discuss a classification of enzymes.
- What are nucleic acids? Write down the role of DNA and RNA in life.
- What are fertilizers? Why are they needed? Discuss the classification of fertilizers and their uses. How is urea manufactured in Pakistan? Describe in detail the process used.
- What are the prospects of fertilizer industry in Pakistan? What are essential nutrient elements and why these are needed for plant growth? Write down the essential qualities of a good fertilizer?
- Describe the composition of a good portland cement. Discuss the wet process for the manufacturing of cement with the help of flow sheet diagram. What do you understand by the term setting of cement. Also discuss the reactions taking place in first 24 hours?
- What are the essential non-woody raw materials used in the production of pulp and paper in Pakistan?
- What are the principal methods of chemical pulping used for the production of paper? Describe the neutral sulphite semi-chemical process for the manufacturing of pulp and paper.
- What are the common bleaching agents used in paper industry in Pakistan? Briefly describe the bleaching process. What are the prospects of paper industry in Pakistan?
- What are phosphatic fertilizers. How are they prepared? Mention the role of phosphorus in the growth of plants.
- Discuss in detail the components of the environment.
- Describe the natural and human sources of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides.
- What is acid rain and how does it affect our environment.
- What is smog? Explain the pollutants which are the main cause of photochemical smog.
- Why is ozone layer depleting? What will happen when the concentration of ozone will be decreased?
- How is oil spillage affecting the marine life?
- How detergents are threat to aquatic animal life?
- Explain how pesticides are dangerous to human beings.
- Discuss industrial waste effluents.
- How water is purified i.e., made potable. Discuss in detail.
- What are leachates?
- Explain the process of incineration of industrial waste.
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 16
Administrator: SADIA ANWAR Assistant: KHADIJA AHMED
Time Allowed: ?
Total Marks: ?
Syllabus: ?
Institute: ?
INSTRUCTONS
*Note: Write answers neatly and in sequence.Use black or blue pen only.
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