📘 Biology
Short Questions
- (i) Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
- (ii) Define anhydrobiosis with an example.
- (iii) Why does filtration takes place only at glomeruli part of nephron and nowhere else?
- (iv) Mention two metabolic altered states that generally (70%) cause kidney stone formation.
- (v) What is a renal failure?
- (vi) Account one each main adaptation in plants to high and low temperatures.
- (i) What is the cause of cramps?
- (ii) What is the difference between tetanus and muscle tetany?
- (iii) What is a ligament?
- (iv) What is “nutation”?
- (v) How many ribs do not attach with the sternum?
- (vi) How is rickets produced?
- (vii) What is the cause of tetanus?
- (viii) How is muscle fatigue produced?
- (ix) Distinguish between the following. (a) Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. (b) Phototactic and chemotactic stimulus. (c) Osteocytes and osteoblast. (d) Brachialis and brachioradialis. (e) Origin and insertion of muscles. (f) Bone and cartilage. (g) Troponin and tropomyosin.
- (i) Define circadian rhythm.
- (ii) What is the difference between CNS and PNS?
- (iii) What are the functions of parathyroid gland?
- (iv) Define the term hormone.
- (v) What are the commercial applications of auxins?
- (vi) List different types of tropisms.
- (vii) Write a note on Alzheimer's disease.
- 1. What changes occur in ovulation and menstruation during pregnancy?
- 2. What is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in humans?
- 3. How is a seed formed?
- 4. What is the importance of seed in the life cycle of a plant.
- (i) What is organizer and inducer substance?
- (ii) What is differentiation?
- (iii) Define embryonic induction.
- (iv) Differentiate between growth and development.
- (v) What is meristem?
- 1. What are the three major classes of RNA?
- 2. What is the function of RNA polymerase in transcription?
- 3. How did Crick and his colleagues determine how many nucleotides are used to specify each amino acid?
- 4. What is anticodon?
- 1. Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis.
- 2. What are the functions of mitotic apparatus?
- 3. How can you identify the cancer cells?
- 4. Give importance and significance of meiosis.
- 5. Define chromosomal non disjunction.
- 6. What are symptoms of turner's syndrome?
- 7. Define cell cycle. Highlight its importance and significance.
- 8. Is interphase a resting phase? Why?
- 9. In what respect does mitosis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?
- 1. Differentiate between: Phenotype and genotype | Gene and allele Homozygous and heterozygous | Monohydrid and dihydrid Autosome and sex chromosome | Dominance and epistasis Allele and multiple allele | X-linked trait and Y-linked trait Incomplete dominance and codominance | Sex limited and sex influenced trait Continuous and discontinuous variations | Dominant trait and recessive trait Wild type and mutant
- 2. What is a gene pool?
- 3. Was pea a lucky choice for Mendel? What would have happened if he had studied an eighth character?
- 4. What is a test cross? Why did Mendel devise this cross?
- 5. What would happen if alleles of a pair do not segregate at meiosis? How would it affect the purity of gamete?
- 6. If the alleles do not assort independently, which type of combination is missing in the progeny.
- 7. Why has each gamete equal chance of getting one or the other allele of a pair?
- 8. Does the dominant allele modify the determinative nature of its recessive partner? What sort of relationship do they have?
- 9. Which type of traits can assort independently?
- 10. Why does the blood group phenotype of a person remain constant throughout life?
- 11. What is a universal blood donor?
- 12. How can you protect the baby against Rh - incompatibility?
- 13. Which type of genes do not obey law of independent assortment?
- 14. How can linked genes be separated from each other?
- 15. What is multifactorial inheritance?
- 16. What is MODY?
- 17. Can a child have more intelligence (IQ score) than his parents?
- 1. How and why transgenic animals that secrete a product are often cloned?
- 2. Explain two primary goals of Human Genome Project. What are possible benefits of the project?
- 3. Explain and give examples of ex vivo and in vivo gene therapies in humans?
- 1. What are hydrothermal vents?
- 2. State Endosymbiont hypothesis.
- 3. Define population genetics.
- 4. How does fossil record provide evidence of evolution?
- 5. Explain the term homology with a suitable example.
- 6. What are vestigial organs? Give two examples.
- 7. How are evolutionary relationships reflected in DNA and proteins?
- 8. State Hardy Weinberg theorem.
- 9. What is the difference between endangered species and threatened species?
- 10. Name any five species, declared extinct in Pakistan.
- 1. What are the biogeochemical cycles?
- 2. Sketch three main steps in nitrogen cycle.
- 3. Define grazing.
- 4. What percentage of sun energy reaches to plants?
- 5. What is autecology?
- 6. Define synecology.
- 1. Define productivity of an ecosystem.
- 2. List four adaptations in plants and animals for terrestrial ecosystem.
- 3. Name three zones in lake ecosystem.
- 4. How many biomes are present in the world, name only five of them.
- 5. Give the names of some major ecosystems on land in Pakistan.
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
Long Questions
- (i) Discuss nature of excretory products in animal to various habitats, specifically in association of water availability.
- (ii) Account the excretory system in earthworm.
- (iii) Highlight the role of liver as an excretory organ.
- (iv) Draw a labeled diagram of a vertebrate nephron with all blood supply. State the function of each part.
- (v) Describe thermoregulatory strategies in mammals including human in cold temperature.
- (vi) Discuss excretion in plants.
- (vii) Discuss some kidney problems with their cures.
- (i) What are the disadvantages of exoskeleton?
- (ii) What is the sliding filament model? What does it explain?
- (iii) Describe a hinge joint and explain how it is moved by antagonistic muscle.
- (iv) Define joints. How are they classified? Explain.
- (v) Explain appendicular skeleton with the help of a diagram.
- (vi) Draw and label the human skull.
- (vii) Write the major evolutionary adaptation in the lines of tetrapod.
- (viii) Define secondary growth. Explain.
- (ix) What are the main differences between exoskeleton and endoskeleton.
- (x) List the functions of skeleton.
- (xi) Explain the role of osteoclasts in remodeling of bone and describe the structure of compact bone.
- (xii) List the main parts of axial skeleton.
- (xiii) Distinguish between fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints.
- (xiv) Discuss methods of locomotion in fish, land vertebrates and birds.
- (i) Describe different types of learning behaviour.
- (ii) Describe in detail the role of adrenal glands.
- (iii) Define nerve impulse. Explain the mechanism involved by labelled diagrams.
- (iv) How is the nervous system of Planaria better developed than that of Hydra?
- (v) Describe the structure and functions of the different parts of human brain.
- (vi) Write a note on pituitary gland.
- 1. What structures are associated with the human female reproductive system? What are their functions?
- 2. What are the functions of placenta during pregnancy?
- 3. Describe human menstrual cycle.
- 4. Write notes on the following: (a) Parthenogenesis (b) Herpes Genitalia (c) Asexual reproduction (d) Seedless fruits
- (i) What is aging. How will you explain this process.
- (ii) What is regeneration? Why it is so effective in some animals and missing in others?
- (iii) Describe in detail the developmental processes of chick.
- (iv) What is growth, discuss different phases and condition for growth?
- (v) What is development, describe the principles of development in detail?
- 1. How did Hershey and Chase determine which components of bacterial viruses contain the hereditary information?
- 2. What is the three dimensional shape of DNA? How does three dimensional shape of DNA fit with Chargaff's observations on the proportions of purines and pyrimidines in DNA?
- 3. How did Meselson and Stahl show that DNA replication is semi conservative?
- 4. What is the basis for the requirement that the leading and lagging strands be replicated by different mechanisms?
- 5. What hypothesis did Beadle and Tatum test in their experiments on Neurospora?
- 1. How does cytokinesis occur in animals cells? In which way does it differ from that in plant cell?
- 2. Why and how do the chromosomes get separated during anaphase of mitosis?
- 3. What is the role of centriole in an animal cell? How is this function carried out in plant cell?
- 4. In what respect can cell death be regarded beneficial?
- 5. Compare mitosis with meiosis and describe their importance.
- 6. Define disjunction and discuss its effect.
- 7. Describe meiosis and explain its significance.
- 1. What is incomplete dominance? Explain it with an example.
- 2. Define Mendel's law of segregation. Explain it with an example.
- 3. Define Mendel's law of independent assortment. Explain it with an example.
- 4. Define probability. Derive 9:3:3:1 F2 ratio of independent assortment through product rule.
- 5. What is codominance? Explain the phenomenon of codominance with an example.
- 6. Define multiple alleles. Describe multiple allelic blood group system of man.
- 7. What is Rh factor? Describe the genetic basis of Rh blood group system of man.
- 8. What is erythroblastosis foetalis? Discuss this adverse effect of Rh incompatibility? Also suggest a therapy to avoid Rh sensitization of an Rh negative mother married to an Rh positive man.
- 9. Define epistasis. Explain epistatic gene interaction with an example.
- 10. What is a pleiotropic gene? Discuss pleiotropy with examples.
- 11. What are polygenes? Explain polygenic inheritance.
- 12. What is crossing over? Define recombination frequency and explain its significance.
- 13. What are sex-chromosomes? Discuss the chromosomal patterns of sex determination in organisms.
- 14. Compare chromosomal determination of sex between Drosophila and humans.
- 15. Define gene pool. Explain the concept of gene pool in a sample population.
- 16. What is sex linkage? Explain T. H. Morgan's study of sex linkage in Drosophila.
- 17. Compare the pattern of inheritance of an X linked dominant trait with an X linked recessive trait in humans.
- 18. Explain diabetes mellitus and its genetic basis.
- 19. Discuss the genetics of colour-blindness or haemophilia.
- 1. What is the methodology for producing recombinant DNA to be used in gene cloning?
- 2. What is a genomic library, how would you locate a gene of interest in the library?
- 3. What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and how is it carried out to produce multiple copies of a DNA segment?
- 4. What is DNA finger printing, a process that utilizes the entire genome?
- 5. For what purpose have bacteria, plants and animals been genetically altered?
- 1. What are the endangered species? What measures could be adapted for their preservation?
- 2. State and explain Hardy-Weinberg theorem.
- 3. Describe evidences of evolution from any five branches of biology.
- 4. How did evolution proceed from prokaryotes to eukaryotes? Analyze the Darwin's theory of natural selection as mechanism of evolution.
- 1. Define environment. What must environment supply for insects, green plants, birds, animals and people?
- 2. What factors in the environment can affect all living things? Are they important to survive in a biome?
- 3. What can you conclude about all the physical and biological factors in an environment?
- 4. What is biosphere? What must the biosphere provide for living things? Why is a biosphere absent on moon?
- 5. Define succession. Discuss succession on land.
- 1. What are the four major requirements for life? Which two are limiting in terrestrial ecosystem?
- 2. List some adaptations of (a) desert plants (b) desert animals to heat and drought.
- 3. Where is life in oceans (hydrospheric ecosystem) most abundant and why?
- 4. Distinguish between three different zones in the lake ecosystem.
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
Administrator: SADIA ANWAR Assistant: KHADIJA AHMED
Time Allowed: ?
Total Marks: ?
Syllabus: ?
Institute: ?
INSTRUCTONS
*Note: Write answers neatly and in sequence.Use black or blue pen only.
No comments:
Post a Comment