📘 Chemistry
Short Questions
- What are irreversible reactions? Give a few characteristics of them?
- Define chemical equilibrium state.
- Give the characteristics of reversible reaction.
- How is dynamic equilibrium established?
- Why at equilibrium state reaction does not stop?
- Why is equilibrium state attainable from either way?
- What is relationship between active mass and rate of reaction?
- Derive equilibrium constant expression for the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
- Write the equilibrium constant expression for the following reactions: i. \( H_{2(g)} + I_{2(g)} \rightarrow 2HI_{(g)} \)
- ii. \( CO_{(g)} + 3H_{2(g)} \rightarrow CH_{4(g)} + H_2O_{(g)} \)
- How direction of a reaction can be predicted?
- How can you know that a reaction has achieved an equilibrium state?
- What are the characteristics of a reaction that establishes equilibrium state at once?
- If reaction quotient \( Q_c \) of a reaction is more than \( K_c \), what will be the direction of the reaction?
- An industry was established based upon a reversible reaction. It failed to achieve products on commercial level. Can you point out the basic reasons of its failure being a chemist?
- 1. Name three common household substances having a. pH value greater than 7 b. pH value less than 7 c. pH value equal to 7
- 2. Define a base and explain that all alkalies are bases, but all bases are not alkalies.
- 3. Define Bronsted-Lowry base and explain with an example that water is a Bronsted-Lowry base.
- 4. How can you justify that Bronsted-Lowry concept of acid and base is applicable to non-aqueous solutions?
- 5. Which kind of bond is formed between Lewis acid and a base?
- 6. Why H+ ion acts as a Lewis acid?
- 7. Name two acids used in the manufacture of fertilizers.
- 8. Define pH. What is the pH of pure water?
- 9. How many times a solution of pH 1 will be stronger than that of a solution having pH 2?
- 10. Define the followings: i. Normal salt ii. Basic salt
- 11. Na₂SO₄ is a neutral salt while NaHSO₄ an acid salt. Justify.
- 12. Give a few characteristic properties of salts.
- 13. How are the soluble salts recovered from water?
- 14. How are the insoluble salts prepared?
- 15. Why is a salt neutral, explain with an example?
- 16. Name an acid used in the preservation of food.
- 17. Name the acids present in: i. Vinegar ii. Ant sting iii. Citrus fruit iv. Sour milk
- 18. How can you justify that Pb(OH)NO₃ is a basic salt?
- 19. You are in a need of an acidic salt. How can you prepare it?
- 20. Which salt is used to prepare plaster of Paris?
- 1. What is meant by the term catenation? Give an example of a compound that displays catenation.
- 2. How is coal formed?
- 3. What is the importance of natural gas?
- 4. Justify that organic compounds are used as food.
- 5. How are alkyl radicals formed? Explain with examples.
- 6. What is the difference between n-propyl and isopropyl radicals? Explain with structure.
- 7. Explain different radicals of butane.
- 8. Define functional group with an example.
- 9. What is an ester group? Write down the formula of ethyl acetate.
- 10. Write down the dot and cross formulae of propane and n-butane?
- 11. Define structural formula. Draw the structural formulae of n-butane and isobutane.
- 12. Write classification of coal.
- 13. What are heterocyclic compounds? Give two examples.
- 14. Why are benzene and other homologous compounds of benzene called aromatic compounds?
- Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
- A compound consisting of four carbon atoms has a triple bond in it. How many hydrogen atoms are present in it?
- Why are the alkanes called 'paraffins'?
- What do you know about hydrogenation of alkenes?
- How are alkyl halides reduced?
- Why are the alkanes used as fuel?
- How can you prepare ethene from alcohol and ethyl bromide?
- Identify propane from propene with a chemical test.
- Why are the alkenes called 'olefins'?
- Why alkane can't be oxidized with KMnO₄ solution?
- What are the addition reactions? Explain with an example.
- Justify that alkanes give substitution reactions.
- Both alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. State the one most significant difference between them.
- Write the molecular, dot and cross and structural formula of ethyne.
- Why are hydrocarbons soluble in organic solvents?
- Give the physical properties of alkanes.
- How can you identify ethane from ethene?
- Why colour of bromine water discharges on addition of ethene in it?
- State one important use of each: (i) Ethene (ii) Acetylene (iii) Chloroform (iv) Carbon tetrachloride
- How plants synthesize carbohydrates?
- Give the characteristics of monosaccharides.
- What is the difference between glucose and fructose?
- Give an example of a disaccharide. How is it hydrolyzed into monosaccharides?
- Give the characteristics of polysaccharides.
- Where are the proteins found?
- Describe the uses of carbohydrates.
- Lactose is disaccharide; which monosaccharides are present in it?
- Why are the ten amino acids essential for us?
- How are proteins formed?
- How is gelatin obtained?
- Give the general formula of the lipids.
- Name two fatty acids with their formulae.
- Give the types of vitamins.
- What is the significance of vitamins?
- Describe the sources and uses of vitamin A.
- Justify that water soluble vitamins are not injurious to health.
- What do you mean by genetic code of life?
- What is the function of DNA?
- How do you justify that RNA works like a messenger?
- Explain the phenomenon of decreasing temperature in troposphere.
- Differentiate between primary and secondary air pollutants.
- State the major sources of CO and CO₂ emission.
- CO₂ is responsible for heating up atmosphere, how?
- CO is a hidden enemy, explain its action.
- What threats are there to human health due to SO₂ gas as air pollutant?
- Which air pollutant is produced on anaerobic decomposition of organic matter?
- How does acid rain increase the acidity of soil?
- Point out two serious effects of ozone depletion.
- How is ozone layer formed in stratosphere?
- Why does 75% of the atmospheric mass lie within the troposphere?
- How ozone layer is being depleted by chlorofluorocarbons?
- How water rises in plants?
- Which forces are responsible for dissolving polar substances in water?
- Why are non-polar compounds insoluble in water?
- How does water dissolve sugar and alcohol?
- How does limestone dissolve in water?
- Differentiate between soft and hard water.
- What are the causes of hardness in water?
- What are the effects of temporary hardness in water?
- Mention the disadvantages of detergents.
- What is the difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances?
- How detergents make the water unfit for aquatic life?
- Why are pesticides used?
- What are the reasons of waterborne diseases?
- How waterborne diseases can be prevented?
- What role is played by pine oil in the froth flotation process?
- Name the various metallurgical operations.
- How is roasting carried out?
- Explain process of electrorefining.
- What are the advantages of Solvay’s process?
- What is the principle of Solvay’s process?
- What happens when ammonical brine is carbonated?
- How NaHCO₃ is converted to Na₂CO₃?
- How is ammonia recovered in the Solvay’s process?
- How is ammonia prepared for the synthesis of urea?
- Describe the formation of petroleum.
- What is refining of petroleum and how is it carried out?
- Give a use of kerosene oil?
- Describe the difference between diesel oil and fuel oil?
- Write down the names of four fractions obtained by the fractional distillation of residual oil?
- What is the difference between crude oil and residual oil?
- Which petroleum fraction is used in dry cleaning?
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
Long Questions
- Describe a reversible reaction with the help of an example and graph.
- Write down the macroscopic characteristics of dynamic equilibrium.
- State the law of Mass Action and derive the expression for equilibrium constant for a general reaction.
- What is the importance of equilibrium constant?
- For the decomposition of dinitrogen oxide (N₂O) into nitrogen and oxygen reversible reaction takes place as follows: 2N₂O(g) ⇌ 2N₂(g) + O₂(g) The concentration of N₂O, N₂ and O₂ are 1.1 mol dm³, 3.90 mol dm³ and 1.95 mol dm³ respectively at equilibrium. Find out Kc for this reaction.
- Hydrogen iodide decomposes to form hydrogen and iodine. If the equilibrium concentration of HI is 0.078 mol dm³, H₂ and I₂ is same 0.011 mol dm³. Calculate the equilibrium constant value for this reversible reaction:
- For the fixation of nitrogen following reaction takes place: N₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) When the reaction takes place at 1500 K, the Kc for this is 1.1 x 10⁻⁵. If equilibrium concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen are 1.7 x 10⁻³ mol dm³ and 6.4 x 10⁻³ mol dm³, respectively, how much NO is formed?
- When nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia, the equilibrium mixture contains 0.31 mol dm³ and 0.50 mol dm³ of nitrogen and hydrogen, respectively. If the Kc is 0.50 mol⁻² dm⁶, what is the equilibrium concentration of ammonia?
- 1. Define an acid and a base according to Bronsted-Lowry concept and justify with examples that water is an amphoteric compound.
- 2. Explain the Lewis concept of acids and bases.
- 3. What is auto-ionization of water? How is it used to establish the pH of water?
- 4. Define a salt and give the characteristic properties of salts.
- 5. Explain with examples how are soluble salts prepared?
- 6. Give the characteristics of an acidic salt.
- 7. Give four uses of calcium oxide.
- 8. You are having a strong acid (HNO₃) and strong base (NaOH) on mixing i. What type of salt you will have? ii. What type of reaction will it be? iii. Will it be soluble or insoluble salt? iv. If it is soluble, how will it be recovered?
- 9. Explain why: i. HCl forms only one series of salts. ii. H₂SO₄ forms two series of salts. iii. H₃PO₄ form three series of salts. Give necessary equations.
- 10. Classify the following salts as soluble or insoluble salts: i. Sodium chloride ii. Silver nitrate iii. Lead chloride iv. Copper sulphate v. Barium sulphate vi. Ammonium chloride vii. Sodium carbonate viii. Calcium carbonate ix. Ferric chloride x. Magnesium sulphate
- 11. Complete and balance the following equations: i. Aluminium + Hydrochloric acid ii. Copper oxide + Sulphuric acid iii. Iron sulphide + Sulphuric acid iv. Ammonium chloride + Sodium hydroxide v. Ferric chloride + Sodium hydroxide
- 1. Calculate the pH and pOH of 0.2 M H₂SO₄?
- 2. Calculate the pH of 0.1 M KOH?
- 3. Calculate the pOH of 0.004 M HNO₃?
- (a) How is coal formed? What are the different types of coal? (b) Write down the composition and uses of different types of coal.
- (a) What is destructive distillation of coal? (b) Name the different types of the products obtained by the destructive distillation of coal.
- Write a detailed note on functional groups of alkenes and alkynes. How are they identified from other compounds?
- Give some uses of organic compounds in our daily life.
- Write down the characteristics of homologous series.
- Why are organic compounds numerous?
- What are amines? Explain the different types of amines giving an example of each type. How primary amino group is identified?
- Describe the functional group of an alcohol. How are alcoholic groups identified?
- Differentiate between aldehyde and ketonic functional groups. How are both identified from each other?
- What are the general properties of organic compounds?
- Write a detailed note on classification of organic compounds.
- What type of reactions are given by alkanes? Explain with reference to halogenations of alkanes.
- Alkanes are a source of heat. Explain it.
- Prepare the following as directed: (i) ethane from ethene; (ii) acetylene from tetrahalide; (iii) carbon tetracholride from methane; (iv) ethylene glycol from ethene; (v) 1,2-dibromoethane from ethene and (vi) glyoxal from acetylene
- Explain the oxidation of acetylene.
- Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions. Also, name the products that are formed. (i) A mixture of ethyne and hydrogen is passed over heated nickel (ii) Ethyne is treated with chlorine (iii) Ethyne is burnt in air (iv) Ethyne is passed through bromine water
- Explain briefly: (i) Why butane undergoes substitution reactions? (ii) There are millions of organic compounds. (iii) Acetylene undergoes addition reactions in two stages. (iv) Alkynes are more reactive than alkanes.
- What are carbohydrates? How monosaccharides are prepared? Give their characteristics.
- Explain oligosaccharides.
- What are polysaccharides? Give their properties.
- Explain the sources and uses of proteins.
- Explain that amino acids are building blocks of proteins.
- Explain the sources and uses of lipids.
- Give the importance of vitamins.
- Describe the sources, uses and deficiency symptoms of water soluble vitamins.
- Write down the significance of atmospheric gases.
- Give the characteristics of troposphere. Why temperature decreases upwards in this sphere?
- What are the characteristics of stratosphere? Why does temperature increase upwards in this sphere?
- CO₂ is necessary for plants but why is its increasing concentration alarming for us?
- Why is CO considered a health hazard?
- Define acid rain. How is it formed and what are its effects?
- Compounds of sulphur are air pollutants. Describe the sources of these compounds along with their effects.
- Where does ozone layer lie in atmosphere? How is it depleting and how can we prevent its depletion?
- Oxides of nitrogen cause air pollution. Describe the sources of these compounds.
- How polarity of water molecule plays its role to dissolve the substances?
- Explain the methods of removing permanent hardness.
- Explain the water pollution because of industrial waste.
- Justify the statement: household water is the reason of water pollution.
- Explain that agricultural effluents are fatal for aquatic life.
- Explain five important waterborne diseases. How can these be prevented?
- Give some disadvantages of hard water.
- What is water pollution? Describe the effects of using polluted water.
- Explain the reasons, why water is considered a universal solvent.
- Write a note on the treatment of sewage water.
- Describe in detail the various processes involved in the concentration of ore. Explain your answer with the help of diagrams?
- Explain the process of roasting with reference to copper?
- Write a detailed note on Ammonia Solvay’s process?
- Write a note on fractional distillation of petroleum?
- How urea is manufactured? Explain showing the flow sheet diagram?
- How crude oil is refined? Explain two important fractions of petroleum along with their usage?
- Write a note in detail on smelting and besesmerization, giving a specific example?
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
Administrator: SADIA ANWAR Assistant: KHADIJA AHMED
Time Allowed: ?
Total Marks: ?
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INSTRUCTONS
*Note: Write answers neatly and in sequence.Use black or blue pen only.
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